World War II - Lieutenant Colonel Otto Skorzeny

Otto Skorzeny - Early Life Career: Otto Skorzeny was born June 12, 1908, in Vienna, Austria. Raised in a middle class family, Skorzeny spoke fluent German and French and was educated locally before attending university. While there, he developed skills in fencing. Taking part in numerous bouts, he received a long scar on the left side of his face. This along with his height (64), was one of Skorzenys distinguishing features. Unhappy with the rampant economic depression prevalent in Austria, he joined the Austrian Nazi Party in 1931 and a short time later became a member of the SA (Stormtroopers). Otto Skorzeny - Joining the Military: A civil engineer by trade, Skorzeny came to minor prominence when he saved Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas from being shot during the Anschluss in 1938. This action caught the eye of Austrian SS chief Ernst Kaltenbrunner. With the beginning of World War II in September 1939, Skorzeny attempted to join the Luftwaffe but instead was assigned as an officer-cadet in the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (Hitlers bodyguard regiment). Serving as a technical officer with the rank of second lieutenant, Skorzeny put his engineering training to use. During the invasion of France the following year, Skorzeny traveled with 1st Waffen SS Divisions artillery. Seeing little action, he later took part in the German campaign in the Balkans. During these operations, he compelled a large Yugoslav force to surrender and was promoted to first lieutenant. In June 1941, Skorzeny, now serving with the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, took part in Operation Barbarossa. Attacking into the Soviet Union, Skorzeny aided in the fighting as German troops neared Moscow. Assigned to a technical unit, he was tasked with seizing key buildings in the Russian capital after its fall. Otto Skorzeny - Becoming a Commando: As the Soviet defenses held, this mission was ultimately called off. Remaining on the Eastern Front, Skorzeny was wounded by shrapnel from Katyusha rockets in December 1942. Though injured, he refused treatment and continued fighting until the effects of his wounds forced his evacuation. Taken to Vienna to recover, he received the Iron Cross. Given a staff role with the Waffen-SS in Berlin, Skorzeny began extensive reading and research into commando tactics and warfare. Enthusiastic about this alternative approach to warfare he began advocating it within the SS. Based on his work, Skorzeny believed that new, unconventional units should be formed to conduct attacks deep behind enemy lines. In April 1943, his work bore fruit as he was selected by Kaltenbrunner, now the head of the RSHA (SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt - Reich Main Security Office) to develop a training course for operatives that included paramilitary tactics, sabotage, and spying. Promoted to captain, Skorzeny quickly received command of Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal. A special operations unit, it was redesignated 502nd SS Jà ¤ger Battalion Mitte that June. Relentlessly training his men, Skorzenys unit conducted their first mission, Operation Francois, that summer. Dropping into Iran, a group from the 502nd was tasked with contacting dissident tribes in the region and encouraging them to attack Allied supply lines. While contact was made, little resulted from the operation. With the collapse of Benito Mussolinis regime in Italy, the dictator was arrested by the Italian government and moved through a series of safe houses. Angered by this Adolf Hitler ordered that Mussolini be rescued. Otto Skorzeny - The Most Dangerous Man in Europe: Meeting with a small group of officers in July 1943, Hitler personally selected Skorzeny to oversee the operation to free Mussolini. Familiar with Italy from a prewar honeymoon trip, he began a series of reconnaissance flights over the country. During this process he was shot down twice. Locating Mussolini at the remote Campo Imperatore Hotel atop Gran Sasso Mountain, Skorzeny, General Kurt Student, and Major Harald Mors began planning a rescue mission. Dubbed Operation Oak, the plan called for the commandoes to land twelve D230 gliders on a small patch of clear land before storming the hotel. Moving forward on September 12, the gliders landed on the mountain top and seized the hotel without firing a shot. Collecting Mussolini, Skorzeny and the deposed leader departed Gran Sasso aboard a small Fieseler Fi 156 Storch. Arriving in Rome, he escorted Mussolini to Vienna. As a reward for the mission, Skorzeny was promoted to major and awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross. Skorzenys daring exploits at Gran Sasso were widely publicized by the Nazi regime and he was soon dubbed the most dangerous man in Europe. Otto Skorzeny - Later Missions: Riding the success of the Gran Sasso mission, Skorzeny was asked to oversee Operation Long Jump which called for operatives to assassinate Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at the November 1943 Tehran Conference. Unconvinced that the mission could succeed, Skorzeny had it cancelled due to poor intelligence and the arrest of the lead agents. Moving on, he began planning Operation Knights Leap which was intended to capture Yugoslav leader Josip Tito at his Drvar base. Though he intended to personally lead the mission, he backed out after visiting Zagreb and finding its secrecy compromised. Despite this, the mission still went forward and ended disastrously in May 1944. Two months later, Skorzeny found himself in Berlin following the July 20 Plot to kill Hitler. Racing around the capital, he aided in putting down the rebels and maintaining Nazi control of the government. In October, Hitler summoned Skorzeny and gave him orders to go to Hungary and stop Hungarys Regent, Admiral Miklà ³s Horthy, from negotiating peace with the Soviets. Dubbed Operation Panzerfaust, Skorzeny and his men captured Horthys son and sent him to Germany as a hostage before securing Castle Hill in Budapest. As a result of the operation, Horthy left office and Skorzeny was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Otto Skorzeny - Operation Griffin: Returning to Germany, Skorzeny began planning Operation Griffin. A false-flag mission, it called for his men to dress in American uniforms and penetrate US lines during the opening phases of the Battle of Bulge to cause confusion and disrupt Allied movements. Moving forward with around 25 men, Skorzenys force had only minor success and many of his men were captured. Upon being taken, they spread rumors that Skorzeny was planning a raid on Paris to capture or kill General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Though untrue, these rumors led to Eisenhower being placed under heavy security. With the end of the operation, Skorzeny was transferred east and commanded regular forces as an acting major general. Mounting a tenacious defense of Frankfurt, he received the Oak Leaves to the Knights Cross. With defeat on the horizon, Skorzeny was tasked with creating a Nazi guerrilla organization dubbed the Werewolves. Lacking sufficient manpower to build a fighting force, he instead used the group to create esc ape routes out of Germany for Nazi officials. Otto Skorzeny - Surrender Later Life: Seeing little choice and believing he could be useful, Skorzeny surrendered to US forces on May 16, 1945. Held for two years, he was tried at Dachau for war crime tied to Operation Griffin. These charges were dismissed when a British agent stated that Allied forces had conducted similar missions. Escaping from an internment camp at Darmstadt in 1948, Skorzeny spent the remainder of his life as a military advisor in Egypt and Argentina as well as continued to aid former Nazis through the ODESSA network. Skorzeny died of cancer in Madrid, Spain on July 5, 1975, and his ashes were later interred in Vienna. Selected Sources World War II: Otto SkorzenyJVL: Otto SkorzenyNNDB: Otto Skorzeny

Competitive Profile Matrix Emirates - 2382 Words

Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) Author: admin Wednesday, 24 Sep 2014 Step 4. Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) In order to construct a competitive profile matrix, it is necessary to determine critical success factors in airline industry. These are: strong management, organization of routes, availability of non-stop flights, qualified workforce, in-flight services and service promotions, price competitiveness, effective financial management, cost management. Main competitors of Emirates Airline can be divided into two groups: private airline companies and airline alliances. Key airline alliances posing strong competition to Emirates Airline are SkyTeam, Star Alliance and oneworld (Plunkett, 2011). AirAsia is a private company also†¦show more content†¦Step 7. Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix Factor Weight Rating Weighted score Strengths: Extensive route coverage 0.10 3 0.3 Large airline fleet 0.05 4 0.2 Market diversification 0.10 4 0.4 Cargo shipping 0.05 3 0.15 Global brand recognition 0.10 3 0.3 Continual renewal and improvement 0.05 4 0.2 Strong corporate culture 0.10 4 0.4 Weaknesses: Medium investment effectiveness 0.10 2 0.2 High-end risky acquisitions 0.10 2 0.2 Focus on luxury travels 0.05 1 0.05 Lack of internal alignment 0.05 1 0.05 Issues with labor policies and labor quality 0.05 2 0.1 Issues with cost effectiveness 0.10 2 0.2 Total weighted score 1.00 2.75 The results of IFE matrix indicate that although Emirates Airline is performing slightly above average, its position is vulnerable due to issues with cost effectiveness, risky acquisitions and the lack of internal alignment between departments. Thus, recent strategies of the company should address these issues and eliminate them, or mitigate the effects. Step 8. A. SWOT matrix (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) Strengths: Extensive route coverage Large airline fleet Market diversification Cargo shipping Global brand recognition Continual renewal and improvement Strong corporate culture Weaknesses: Medium investment effectiveness High-end risky acquisitions Focus on luxury travels Lack of internal alignment Issues with labor policies and labor quality Issues with costShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management Analysis of Saudi Aramco Ltd.1671 Words   |  7 PagesStrategy 4. Most Strategic Management Model 5. Company Detailed Profile including mission amp; vision and Organogram 6. PESTEL, SWOT and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 7. SWAN Analysis amp; TWOS Matrix 8. Value Chain Analysis 9. ViSA Model amp; SMARTER Model 10. The BCG chart 11. PURE Objectives amp; GREAT Model 12. Market Analysis including Market Segmentation 13. EFE Matrix 14. CPM Matrix 15. QSPM Analysis 16. Financial Analysis 17. 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Japan’s Development History Free Essays

Those legends that give the history of Japan indicates that, Japan was founded in 600 BC by the emperor called Jimmu. Jimmu is said to be a direct descendant of sun goddess, and also the present ruling ancestor of the imperial family. Japan adopted the Chinese writing system, together with the Buddhism religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Japan’s Development History or any similar topic only for you Order Now This actually brought in an influence to the Japanese culture. The Japanese indigenous culture is based on the emperor concept, and has Buddhism as the focal point. The culture in the Japan entered in successive waves in the continent. Different concepts in Japan that has resulted back into past, entails all the human activities manifestation from the moment the man first populated the archipelago of Japan. Research has shown that during the Pleistocene period Japan was inhabited. Those who inhibited Japan during those times left behind cultural remains such as chipped stones. The chipped implements of this time are categorized into four groups. The first category consists of the shale core implements. The shale core implement in some case are defined as hand axes. The second category is the obsidian and flake shale implements. These somehow consist of the upper European Paleolithic industrial flakes. The third categopry comprises of the spearhead. This in most cases is identified with the Solutrean of the Europe. The last group is made by the blade implements. These implements have got their microlithic proportion specimens increasing progressively. The culture of Japan took shape in the period of Yayoi. The present anthropologists argue out that, Japanese are direct descendants of the Jomon people. The Jomon culture in Japan is subdivided into five periods. These periods include the: earliest, early, middle, late and latest phase. The phase of the earliest Jomon was dominated by base pointed connoid potteries. The second phase of Jomon was characterized by the cylindrical potteries of a fibrous temper. The third phase, that is, the middle phase was characterized by the emergence of the cultural subareas: central, northeastern, and southeastern. The middle phase of culture in Japan came up with multitudes of problems. In the late phase, three distinct subareas are blanketed by pottery that was cord marked that is black or grey, thin walled and well fired. Â  At present most of the cultural practices in Japan are similar to those of china (Shenfield, 1998, pp 55). The relationship that exists between languages is expressed by correspondence in: vocabulary, grammatical structure, as corroborated by the law of phonetic. In Japan, with respect to grammar, it is quite different to Austroasian, Chinese, and Austronesian. However, Japan has some structural similarity in its language with the Altaic group. Japanese and Korean share many grammar points as well as an ancient vowel harmony use. They also share at least two hundred cognates of vocabulary. The linguistics data of Japanese can be traced back to the 3rd century A.D. but came to be more after the 9th century. When compared with the neighboring language the Japanese language is in a better state. To compare them with the ancient Japanese is hard. The reason for this seems to justify the somatic variation along a running cline from southeastern to north eastern (Shenfield, 1998, pp. 57). In the process of its development, in 1542 Japan started to experience contact with the western countries such as Netherlands, England, Spain, and Portugal. The main aim for these countries coming to Japan was to trade with Japan. Later in 17th century Japan realized that the traders and the missionaries from the west countries were being used as military conquest forerunners by the European powers. This led to shogunates to place very tight restrictions on the foreigners. Finally, this forced those foreigners who stayed in Japan to leave. This barred the relation between the Japan and the outside countries except the china and Dutch merchants. The restriction lasted for 200 years, when Matthew Perry of the United States navy came for negotiation so that Japan could be opened for the west. The renewed contact with the west after several years profoundly changed the Japanese society. There was restoration of the emperor into power as the shogunate resigned. The 1868 Meiji restoration brought in so many reforms in Japan. There was abolishment of feudal system, adoption of several western institutions which included the government constitution together with the parliamentary lines, and the western education and legal systems (Mulgan, 2000, pp. 70). How to cite Japan’s Development History, Papers

Mastering Physics Assignment Essay Example For Students

Mastering Physics Assignment Essay Assume that air resistance is negligible and that the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity is . What shape is the trajectory (graph of y vs.. X) of the shells? ANSWER: straight line parabola hyperbola The shape cannot be determined. For two shells fired at the same speed which statement about the horizontal distance traveled is correct? Two things to consider The shell fired at a larger angle with respect to the horizontal lands farther away. The shell fired at an angle closest to 45 degrees lands farther away. The shell fired at smaller angle with respect to the horizontal lands farther away. The lighter shell lands farther away. Consider the situation in which both shells are fired at an angle greater than 45 degrees with respect to the horizontal. Remember that enemy ship A is closer than enemy ship B. Part C Which shell is fired at the larger angle? Hint c. I Consider the limiting case Both shells are fired at the same angle. Which shell is launched with a greater vertical velocity, Both shells are launched with the same vertical velocity. Part E Which shell is launched with a greater horizontal velocity, Both shells are launched with the same horizontal velocity. Part F Which shell reaches the greater maximum height? Hint F. L What determines maximum height? Both shells reach the same maximum height. Which shell has the longest travel time (time elapsed between being fired and hitting the enemy ship)? Hint G. L Consider the limiting case Both shells have the same travel time. A Wild Ride A car in a roller coaster moves along a track that consists of a sequence of ups and downs. Let the x axis be parallel to the ground and the positive y axis point upward. In the time interval from to , the trajectory of the car along a certain section of the track is given by , where is a positive dimensionless constant. At is the roller coaster car ascending or descending? How to approach the problem Find the vertical component of the velocity of the car ascending descending Derive a general expression for the speed of the car. Magnitude of a vector Hint 8. 3 Find the components of the velocity of the car Express your answer in meters per second in terms of and . The roller coaster is designed according to safety regulations that prohibit the speed of the car from exceeding Find the maximum value of allowed by these regulations. To comply with the regulations, the speed of the car cannot exceed the given safety limit at any time. Thus, you need to determine what the maximum value of the speed is and impose the condition that such a value cannot be greater than the safety limit. Hint C. 2 Find the maximum value of the speed of the car in terms of Hint C. 2. 1 Using the calculus Hint C. 2. 2 Find the first derivative of the speed Hint C. 2. 3 Find the time at which the speed reaches its maximum value Express your answer in meters per second. = Answer not displayed Express your answer using two significant figures. 1. 7 Shooting over a Hill A projectile is fired with speed at an angle from the horizontal as shown in the figure . Find the highest point in the trajectory, Velocity at the top Express the highest point in terms of the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity , the initial velocity , and the angle . What is the range of the projectile, Find the total time spent in air Express the range in terms of , and Consider your advice to an artillery officer who has the following problem. From his current position, he current position, he must shoot over a hill of height

Analyzing Love and Love Addiction in Relationships

John Allan Lee’s Intimate Relationships offers six basis love styles viz. Passionate love (Eros), Game playing love (Ludus), Friendship love (Storge), Logical love (Pragma), Possessive love (Mania), and Selfless love (Agape). In passionate love, lovers get attracted to each other as soon as they meet, and they become emotionally involved thereafter. Game playing love involves lovers who are intimate with several lovers at a time, and do not commit to relationships easily.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Analyzing Love and Love Addiction in Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In friendship love, the partners in play grow their love out of a prior deep friendship. Logical love, on the other hand, involves two partners who choose each other based on shared social and professional similarities, and the ensuing relationship is based on a viable marriage. The fifth type of love – posse ssion love – is characterized by the need to control the other partner, and a high degree of jealousy. Lastly, selfless love involves the recognition of the other partner’s interests. Such love is exemplified by the willingness to forgo and sacrifice some matters for the sake of the other partner. In John D. Moore’s book, Confusing Love with Obsession, the predominant love style for most of the characters is possession love (mania). Possession love style entails a need for irrational constant and undivided attention from one’s partner. The possessive lover in this love style easily gets jealous when his or her lover converses with another person; however needful and necessary the circumstance and context of such a conversation. Many of the characters in the book, Confusing Love with Obsession, fit into the stated description. Given that, the book focuses primarily on raising awareness on when love crosses into the realm of obsession, the characters in the book exhibit an intense and obsessive attraction for their partners, to the detriment of the particular relationship. The character that I personally identified with is Nancy. I can relate to her situation because it easily relates to that of my sister, and her character might as well be my sister herself – their actions and analysis of situations is very similar. When my sister met her current husband, she was intensely in love with him and soon, within one month, began to forgo her interests for the sake of their ‘relationship’. Even though, her future husband was fond of her, it was easy to see that she was the one that was willing to ‘go the extra mile’ in the relationship. Within six months, she was talking about her desire to marry her boyfriend, and before anyone in the family could even digest the news, she announced that she was pregnant.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consistent expression that I remember in her husband is one of passive shock – as if he were a person watching his life proceed before him, with no control whatsoever. They did eventually marry, and do have two more children, but it is a common perception within our larger family that my sister is the ‘husband’ to him – such is her proclivity to monitor and ascertain her husband’s whereabouts. There are four phases/characteristics of the Obsessive Love Wheel, as enunciated by Moore. These phases analyze the behavior of persons who exhibit a Relational Dependency (RD) characteristic – an inordinately high tendency for love addiction and codependency in a relationship. The fist phase is the attraction phase. Here, the person develops an immediate liking for the potential lover/partner, and has an instant desire to develop a relationship with the love interest without properly knowing this person. In th is phase, the person focuses on the potential lover’s physical appearance at the expense of other characteristics and qualities (Moore, 2006, p.14). The person also begins to visualize a future with his or her love interest in total disregard for the need of properly anchoring the relationship on friendship first. The second phase is known as the anxious phase. After both partners agree to a relationship, the relational dependent partner begins to exhibit certain characteristics born of anxiety. The person irrationally starts to think his/her partner is cheating on him or her. Such unsubstantiated claims fester and the person begins to demand ‘accountability’ in their partner, such as asking the partner to state their daily itinerary. The relational dependent partner in this phase also exhibits an unfounded fear of the partner walking away from the relationship, to the extent of having dreams and fantasies of the same. The partner also begins to develop a close c ommunication contact with his/her romantic partner, constantly calling him/her on the phone, sending emails and text messages, to have an idea of their partner’s almost hourly activities. Based on unfounded feelings of mistrust, tension builds in the relationship. The relational dependent partner now begins to exhibit controlling behavior such as trying to limit his or her partner’s social contact with other people. The partner may turn violent at this stage. The third phase of the Obsessive Love Wheel is the obsessive phase. In this phase, the relational dependent person intensifies his or her controlling behaviors, and in the end, the partner walks out of the unhealthy relationship. The relational dependent partner’s compulsive behaviors lead him/her to act immaturely; for instance, s/he might go the partner’s work place or home unannounced, with the sole aim of ascertaining the partner’s fidelity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Analyzing Love and Love Addiction in Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The obsessive partner may also begin to spy on his or her love interest by physically trailing him/her throughout the day. The last phase of the Obsessive Love Wheel, phase four, is the destructive phase. This phase signifies the end of the relationship. At this point, the partner of the relational dependent person has left due to the behaviors and acts stated in the first three phases. The relational dependent person sinks into depression given that the relationship fails. The person blames her/himself for the collapse of the relationship, and may seek revenge on the partner by physically harming him/her. Due to low-self esteem arising from abandonment, the relational dependent person engages in self-destructive behaviors such as substance abuse, inebriation, and binge eating. In this final phase, the relational dependent person is con sidered to be at risk of suicide. In reading Moore’s Confusing Love with Obsession, I have gained insightful knowledge on love addiction in relationships. Firstly, I have learnt that what I have always considered a normal part of a relationship – jealousy, can have negative effects on an otherwise healthy nascent relationship or friendship. I have always believed that to be jealous of a partner’s otherwise normal interest in other persons is not a problem, but reading Moore’s book has enabled me to acknowledge that jealousy can have devastating effects on a relationship. Primarily, obsession as described in the four phases of The Obsessive Love Wheel stems from jealousy, borne of low self-esteem. I have thus resolved to develop a more selfless love to all relationships that I may ever commit to, such as the one envisioned in Lee’s Intimate Relationships: selfless love. Jealousy is indeed the biggest influence on, and determinant of, love addiction. Furthermore, I have learnt the importance of the need to nurse a friendship gradually as it unfolds into a relationship. One of the main problems with love addiction, as I have learnt in Moore’s book, is that the relational dependent person is quick to move from one level of knowing a person and discovering his or her interest, to another. As a result, the relational dependent person does not get to know his or her romantic interest well, and this damages the prospects of having a successful relationship subsequently. Finally, I have learnt to look out for the warning signs of love addiction in a partner. Because I have read the book, I can now tell when a relationship is headed towards an inevitable end due to a partner’s obsessive behavior. I am able to tell when a partner is being controlling, jealous, and insecure – the known signs of a relational dependent person. In conclusion, in a world, that places significance in building and maintaining good relation ships with our loved ones, the knowledge and insight gained from Lee’s Intimate Relationships and Moore’s Confusing Love with Obsession will come in handy. The types of love espoused by Lee enable one to choose the best kind of love s/he wishes to give to his/her loved one/partner. Finally, knowing the dangers of love addiction will go a long way in ensuring my emotional and even physical safety, as I engage in more relationships in life.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference Moore, D. (2006). Confusing Love With Obsession: When Being in Love Means Being in Control. Minnesota: Hazelden Books. This research paper on Analyzing Love and Love Addiction in Relationships was written and submitted by user M0n1ca to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition of Postzygotic Isolation in Evolution

Definition of Postzygotic Isolation in Evolution Speciation is the divergence of two or more lineages from a common ancestor. For speciation to occur, there must be some reproductive isolation that occurs between formerly reproducing members of the original ancestor species. While most of these reproductive isolations are prezygotic isolations, there are still some types of postzygotic isolation that leads to making sure the newly made species stay separate and do not converge back together. Before the postzygotic isolation can happen, there must be an offspring born from a male and female of two different species. This means there were no prezygotic isolations, like the fitting together of the sex organs or incompatibility of the gametes or differences in mating rituals or locations, that kept the species in reproductive isolation. Once the sperm and the egg fuse during fertilization in ​sexual reproduction, a diploid zygote is produced. The zygote then goes on to develop into the offspring that is born and hopefully will then become a viable adult. However, offspring of two different species (known as a hybrid) are not always viable. Sometimes they will self-abort before being born. Other times, they will be sickly or weak as they develop. Even if they make it to adulthood, a hybrid will most likely be unable to produce its offspring and therefore reinforce the concept that the two species are more suited to their environments as separate species as natural selection works on the hybrids. Below are the different types of postzygotic isolation mechanisms that reinforce the idea that the two species that created the hybrid are better off as separate species and should continue with evolution on their own paths. The Zygote Is Not Viable Even if the sperm and the egg from the two separate species can fuse during fertilization, that does not mean the zygote will survive. The incompatibilities of the gametes may be a product of the number of chromosomes each species has or how those gametes are formed during meiosis. A hybrid of two species that do not have compatible chromosomes in either shape, size, or number will often self-abort or not make it to full term. If the hybrid does manage to make it to birth, it often has at least one, and more likely multiple defects that keep it from becoming a healthy, functioning adult that can reproduce and pass down its genes to the next generation. Natural selection ensures that only the individuals with favorable adaptations survive long enough to reproduce. Therefore, if the hybrid form is not strong enough to survive long enough to reproduce, it reinforces the idea that the two species should stay separate. Adults of the Hybrid Species Are Not Viable If the hybrid can survive through the zygote and early life stages, it will become an adult. However, it does not mean that it will thrive once it reaches adulthood. Hybrids are often not suited for their environment the way a pure species would be. They may have trouble competing for resources such as food and shelter. Without the necessities of sustaining life, the adult would not be viable in its environment. Once again, this puts the hybrid at a distinct disadvantage evolution-wise, and natural selection steps in to correct the situation. Individuals that are not viable and not desirable will most likely not reproduce and pass down its genes to its offspring. This, again, reinforces the idea of speciation and keeping the lineages on the tree of life going in different directions. Adults of the Hybrid Species Are Not Fertile Even though hybrids are not prevalent for all species in nature, there are many hybrids out there that were viable zygotes and even viable adults. However, most animal hybrids are sterile at adulthood. Many of these hybrids have chromosome incompatibilities that make them sterile. So even though they survived development and are strong enough to make it to adulthood, they are not able to reproduce and pass down their genes to the next generation. Since, in nature, fitness is determined by the number of offspring an individual leaves behind and the genes are passed on, hybrids are usually considered unfit since they cannot pass down their genes. Most types of hybrids can only be made by the mating of two different species instead of two hybrids producing their own offspring of their species. For instance, a mule is a hybrid of a donkey and a horse. However, mules are sterile and cannot produce offspring, so the only way to make more mules is to mate more donkeys and horses.

Business Plan Proposal - Text Voting Services Business Essay

Business Plan Proposal - Text Voting Services Business - Essay Example In the provision of the services, the business intends to use delivery method and marketing so as to reach the population. It is a sole proprietor kind of business which will employ different individuals to accomplish the various roles. Since there is more need to improve on the delivery of information and quality by the lecturers, there is a need to use an efficient system capable of taking and integrating the data to provide timely overview of the level of effectiveness and satisfaction of the service delivered. The Services will be sold, delivered and repaired for organizations or individuals who wish to use them and are actually setting up the Services. Due to the high capital requirement due to the cost of acquiring and installing the software, more capital avenues will be explored to obtain the required capital and intense marketing to counter the already existing products and competitors in the market. Business Aims and Objectives The aim of the business is to become the overa ll market leader in the provision and maintenance of the electronic voting services system within its first year of operation (Oklahoma Small Business Development Center, The Business Plan, 2008). This will be achieved through the following objectives: To acquire a considerable market proportion from existing market competitors To develop a good customer relationship and establish a feedback mechanism to gather the views and improve on service delivery To provide quality Services and offer after sale services such as installation of the software and timely data analysis and delivery with clear interpretation. Market Information Target market The market for the product is defined by organizations and similar entities that need the services of such information management system and to establish their trends. The target market is therefore colleges, universities, the anticorruption groups, the statistical research companies seeking opinions from various quarters of the society and news rooms (Terjesen, & Frederick, 2006). This gives an existing market of considerable potential, and with organizations seeking to update their operations by seeking opinions of employees and customers, the market is bound to grow. Market size The market is one which is growing considering the ever increasing demand for institutions to keep in line with technology and remain relevant. The need for modern quality control mechanisms is on the rise daily and institutions can only provide quality if the obtain well analyzed feedback information. Competitors In the existing market, there are two main competitors who provide electronic voting services in TV and such related applications. A and B have been the only players in the market and have shared the market in the proportion of nearly half each. Company A provides the service through modern software and is therefore fast in delivering the feedback though there are cases of errors that arise due to the high speed and the ineffiency in t heir software. To this they give an error allowance of 5% on the range of results they provide. Based on this, most customers who prefer A’s services are more interested on speed while those interested in precision go for B’s services. The software provided by A is cheaper compared to that of B to large economies of scale enjoyed by A over B. The company orders

Clinical evidence and presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Clinical evidence and presentation - Essay Example Psoriasis is a long-term condition, often re-surfacing after years of remission. It is often treated depending on the severity of the disease and body surface covered. Topical solutions like creams, ointments, and lotions are usually preferred treatment methods for mild forms of the disease. For the more moderate to severe manifestations of the disease, pills, injections and light treatments are used, as topical solutions are insufficient to manage the disease. This paper will critically analyze the current clinical evidence to support the management of the disease, reviewing one mainstream over the counter therapy and one complementary/alternative therapy for the disease. This paper will review the drugs Daivonex, Exorex, and alternative medicine treatment options, and assess their effectiveness in treating psoriasis. Daivonex, a non-steroidal medication containing calcipotriol is currently one of the main drugs being used for the treatment of psoriasis. Some practitioners have reviewed this drug and found it ineffective and inapplicable for some types of psoriasis. Daivonex is not applicable for widespread (all over the body) psoriasis. For those who suffer from some types of psoriasis like guttate, generalized pustular psoriasis, or erythrodermis psoriasis, Daivonex is also not applicable (Medical-Look, 2008). In applying the medication, the patient has also to be cautioned about getting any of the medicine on unaffected skin, as it can cause skin irritation. Clinicians do admit that Daivonex is recommended safe for most psoriasis sufferers, but they caution that there are some potential users of the drug that need to consult with their doctors before using it. Allergy to calcipotriol and any drug containing such ingredient can trigger allergic reactions. Allergic reactions tend to include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, swelling of the throat, face, lips, or tongue, rashes or hives. There are various precautions which are required for

Are Clausewitz theory of Friction and Means and Ends relevant to a Research Paper

Are Clausewitz theory of Friction and Means and Ends relevant to a college student today - Research Paper Example It is important to remember that the fog stems from corrupted information and so, the US officers can get better able to see and interpret everything by making advancements in information technologies. This research paper is basically an attempt to scrutinize the extent to which the Clausewitzian concepts on war can be considered relevant today for college students by exploring what the research literature has to say on the subject. Carl Von Clausewitz served in military army and developed many momentous theories about war. Those theories can be found in his epic book â€Å"On War† which was still unfinished when he died. He has gained more reputation till now as a military theorist than a military professional. The fact that Clausewitz’s work is still frenetically researched demonstrates that it is found relevant even today in contemporary times. Also, my opinion is that I appreciate and enjoy Clausewitz’s theoretical approaches to war. I believe that he has con veyed what it takes to really understand the phenomenon of war through his insightful theories which can be useful to anybody even today in the modern times. According to Clausewitz, â€Å"war is served by many activities† (2008, p. ... In his theory about means and end, he favors strategy over tactics. His concept of tactics is a confluence of two streams, means (fighting forces) and ends (victory) suggesting that better trained fighting forces can lead to victory if they are more experienced at seeing and processing information on the battlefield. This is because once the means are properly developed, the purposes of the war get clearer, and the desired objectives can be reached without unnecessary delays due to uncertainty (fog). However, in strategy the means is victory and the end is things which can help to reestablish peace. Just victory is not important, reestablishment of peace should also be a desired end. I find Clausewitz’s theoretical concepts to be both thought-provoking and acutely insightful because he digs with acute intelligence into a variety of meanings associated with friction and means and ends, and the best part is that every meaning holds something captivating to reflect. Clausewitz ho lds the position that the rate of probability is especially high in a situation like war because everything is uncertain. Here, he goes against earlier war theorists who attempted to astutely assess the war performance by using hard and fast rules. For this purpose, the earlier theorists concentrated only on factors which could be calculated like the war supplies, number of participants (soldiers), interior lines etc. They forgot to assess the conduct of war by considering factors which do not have fixed values and cannot be calculated. It is the work of those theorists which cannot be considered relevant today because the times have changed and there is no room for those inflexible concepts on war now. Clausewitz’s work on war in reference to its relevance today

Case Study of Probation and Risk Management

Case Study of Probation and Risk Management Introduction The report is being completed to ensure the offender in question will cause no harm to himself or the community. Mr Jones will be released in 6 months after serving the minimum term required. Currently awaiting help from staff involved with the Through the Gate (TTG) programme (Ministry of Justice, 2014) to help with the transition, this will be his first point of contact once released. As the offence carried out by Mr Jones incorporated a violent act the HCR-20 will be used. This tool is appropriate for the offence committed by Mr Jones as the HCR-20 is designed specifically for violent offending and is a psychological decision-making tool, used throughout forensic settings (Douglas, Hart, Webster, Belfrage, Guy, Vilson, 2014). He was sentenced for causing Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) to his neighbour and has prior motive for the use of GBH when he attacked his girlfriend, he received a community order for said offence. HCR-20 v3 H1: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Mr. Jones first expressed violence towards a family pet at the age of 13. There is a link between childhood animal cruelty and offending (Holoyda Newman, 2016; Plant, Van Schaik, Gullone and Flynn, 2016). He often threw items around the house when angry and he was often suspended from school due to fighting. H2: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High As a young child, he was involved in antisocial behaviours that affected both his education and his home life, at 9 years old he was often out to all hours. Antisocial behaviours occur if the prosocial skills are not met and those who suffer with childhood antisocial behaviour are more likely as an adult to offend (Robins, 1978; Patterson, Debaryshe, Ramsey, 1990). H3: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Although non-intimate relationships were bad, intimate relationships were a serious problem for Mr Jones, he had a difficult relationship with his father who abused him. Childhood maltreatment is associated with anti-social personality disorder and abused children are more at risk of violent offending (Dargis, Newman Koegnis, 2015; Wright, Turanovic, ONeil, Morse Booth, 2016). H4: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low In terms of his employment, Mr Jones lost an apprenticeship opportunity when he was 16 and before his sentence he was unable to hold down a job. An increase in violence post-childhood sees only 14.3% employed full-time (Cauffman, Fine, Thoman Monahan, 2017) and intentional injury to a partner was also associated with intermittent employment (Kyriacou, Anglin, Tallaferro, Stone, Tubb, Lindenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦1999). H5: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Medium Mr Jones suffered with alcoholism and drug problems, mainly cannabis and amphetamines. Those who experienced trauma are more likely to use marijuana which is linked to the levels of violence used (Burjaski, McDaniel, Lewis, Leen-Feldner Feldner, 2016). H6: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=Medium There is a possibility that Mr Jones suffers from a mood disorder due to his sudden outbursts and change in mood, he explained how he could feel happy one minute and angry the next. H7: Presence-Omit, Relevance=Omit In regards to personality disorder Mr Jones is being referred for an assessment for anti-social personality disorder. Mr Jones experienced severe impulsivity in terms of his emotions which lead to anger which is mainly associated with personality disorders (Howard, 2016). H8: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Medium As a child, Mr Jones mentioned how his father assaulted both his mother, siblings and himself. When discussing this, he appeared very agitated and detached from the situation. As a child, having witnessed parental violence was linked with adult violence and drug or alcohol abuse, as well as the likelihood of using assaultive methods (Straus, 1991). H9: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Mr Jones attitude towards his own personal violence does not leave much to be desired. He constantly blames others for his own violent outbursts and when he acknowledges these he condones his behaviour with some form of rationale. H10: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low He attended substance misuse groups but unfortunately still felt he would continue using drugs and held this negative attitude throughout the session. Based on drug and alcohol screening, Mr Jones had neither in his body at the time of the offence. OC-H: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Medium His education could play a role in his offending and anti-socialness as he never succeeded academically. The negative experience at school could lead to violent behaviours (Smith, Park, Ireland, Elwyn Thornberry, 2012). C1: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Mr Jones insight is poor regarding his offence, drug abuse as well as the possibility of having a mental illness. Regarding the assessment of mental illness Mr Jones voices his opinion relating to the matter. He believes that he does not suffer from a mental condition. Evidence regarding his behaviour states otherwise as for those who use substances and have a mental illness (dual diagnosis), violence is more common (Guebert Oliver, 2014). C2: Presence=No, Relevance=Medium His intent to commit a violent act is low, he has explained how he wants to start afresh, with a new job and someday with a wife and children. The planning for a job when released should have already been started to help him gain employment (Houses of commons work and pensions committee, 2017), once a job has been obtained Mr Jones can start looking to the future. The cause of his violent outbursts is due to the anger he feels, he has mentioned he often feels angry, leading to violence. C3: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=Medium Based on what he has described regarding his feelings and emotions there is a potentiality for a mood disorder of some form. An assessment on mood disorder is required with regards to both major mental and psychotic disorders. Anger links with unipolar depression and is mostly associated with major depressive episodes (Judd, Schettler, Coryell, Aklskal, Fledorowicz, 2013). C4: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Both mood and behaviour are an issue for Mr Jones and his mood fluctuates from day to day. Struggles with emotions and anger is associated with offending (Harrison,2012). C5: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low Mr Jones has attended substance misuse groups but his attitude was poor. He seemed to not benefit from these at all with no attitude change to drugs which increases the risk of reoffending (Milkman Wanberg, 2012). OC-C: Presence=Yes, Relevance=High Mr Jones holds grudges against those who annoy him, his assault on his neighbour is a good indication of this. Fantasising is clinically linked with those who hold grudges and these elaborations can help strengthen the emotional well-being on that individual (Hollin, 2005). R1: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low Regarding alcohol and drug focus groups Mr Jones has no problem with attending these but he does not find them useful, he still has the same belief. Regarding the offence neither of these substances are related. R2: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=Low Based on his intimate and non-intimate relations, Mr Jones may find it hard to find suitable accommodation, it is important he is helped when released as 55% of those with accommodation problems reoffend within one year (May, Sharma Stewart, 2008). R3: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=High His family relationships, friendships and intimate relationships all appear to be unstable. Theres constant rows between Mr Jones and members of his family or friends affecting his mental health and anger. R4: Presence=Yes, Relevance=Low Mr Jones will experience problems with receiving help in the future, attendance is superb but his learning and listening is appalling. R5: Presence=Possibly, Relevance=Medium Its established that Mr Jones certainly struggles with coping more so than stress. His coping strategy is his anger and he uses this to deal with an event (Daffern, Jones Shine, 2010). Formulation of Violence Risk The 3 Ps model will be used to gain a better understanding of the factors associated with his offence. The 3 Ps stand for: problematic, persistent and pervasive. This report shall focus on the main issues that Mr Jones experiences and relate it to the model (NOMS, NHS, 2015). Problematic These factors are classified as abnormal and cause difficulties both for Mr Jones and family or friends. To begin with the main factor that fits this title is his mental health and substance abuse. Mr Jones has not yet been assessed for both a mental health disorder or personality disorder. However, the use of cannabis is linked with an increased risk of a depressive disorder (Lev-Ran, Roarecke, Le Fol George, 2013) . With relation to the assessment of personality disorder, anger is a common theme with people who experience antisocial personality disorder (Genovese, Dalrymple, Chelminski Zimmerman, 2017; Howard, 2016) hence the need for the assessments. Persistent These are factors that were present in their adolescent years and have moved forwards with them into their adult life. For Mr Jones, there was previous use of violence in his teenage years which has now progressed into his adulthood. The risk of violence could be linked to the experience he had as a child at the hands of his father; ultimately impacting on the relationships he had with others. His first offence involved him attacking his girlfriend, he was found guilty of causing harm and the role of unemployment could explain the attack (Kyriacou et al, 1999). The behavioural perspective of offending suggests that a violent behaviour is learnt through witnessing it and then imitating the behaviour (Nietzel, Hasemann Lynam, 1999). This affected his relationships as violence would be viewed as acceptable. Widom (1989) discovered that those who were physically abused used violence the most in adulthood. It is highly possible that due to the trauma experienced, not only did he learn to act this way but it was the only way he could cope (Day, Davey, Wanaganeen, Howells, De Santolo Nakata, 2008). Pervasive The final of the 3 Ps looks at impairment within social and personal areas of their lives. The education that Mr Jones received was inadequate and could explain why he struggles in social situations. Mr Jones education was considerably lacking in the help he required, he was often violent and suspended from school. The teachers showed little to no interest in him and when they did it was only to tell him off. According to Arum and Beattie (1999) lack of education is an indicator for illegal behaviours and lack of respect to authority. His education is an explanation for why he was antisocial (Walsh, 2007) and explains why he failed to hold down a job. It appears based on the evidence obtained that the main cause of Mr Jones violent behaviour is the abuse he suffered as a child. It also points to severe mental health problems which in turn could have developed long after the abuse had diminished. In regards to psychological theory, attachment theory plays a major role. Mr Jones has the inability to establish attachments with people more so as his abuser was his parent. When an attachment is effected; the individual involved becomes detached. There is a strong link between insecure attachments and mental health issues (Macinnes, Macphearson, Austin Schwannauer, 2016). Mr Jones social and emotional development as a child was damaged by the trauma due to its nature. The damage inflicted on his emotional development impacted on his ability to feel remorseful and regarding his social development, made it difficult for him to establish secure relationships (Folger, Putnam, Putnam, Peugh, EIsmann, Saà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦2016). Mr Jones risk would be considered moderate, although he struggles with feeling remorse; he has made it abundantly clear that he wants help to change and to make himself a better person. He has openly admitted about his anger issues, his fluctuation in mood and how this effects his life. Mr Jones wants to be able to live a normal life with a secure job and intimate relationships. Self-determination theory relates to this situation as Mr Jones is aware that if he gets the help needed the reward gained is being able to have a job and a family. The outcome would be different if he believed that the reward obtained was not relating to the activity (treatment) he needed to partake in. If the reward gained correlates directly with the activity then this positively affects his motivation for change (Deci, 2012). Future Violence As Mr Jones, has been convicted of completing two acts of Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) it is likely the next offence would be severe and it would be about 6-12 months before he committed a violent attack based on his previous history. The victims would be people he knows (family, friends, partners), there seems to be no evidence of randomized acts against people unknown to him so the public would be of no concern. The motivation for future attacks would be dependent on his emotional state at the time of the incident. It may happen purely out of anger or it could be because an act is ongoing, such as the previous incident with his neighbour. The severity of the incident would be again dependent on his emotional state and whether he is intoxicated with alcohol, drugs or both. It could cause lasting psychological and physical damage to the victim especially if they were not expecting it, if Mr Jones was provoked then the attack could be foreseen by the individual(s). Although Mr Jones certainly has anger issues, there appears to be no clear relation to a life-threatening incident. If this was the case, Mr Jones would have already acted upon his frustration and aggression. In respect to his violent outbursts there are certain things that can be looked for. If Mr Jones appears tense, frustrated/angry or provoked then these would be the typical indications of a violent attack. In the case of Mr Jones, violence is likely to occur no more than once a year, which could be altered with the correct treatment. However, it is not time limited due to his emotional instability, as his moods are constantly up and down it would be difficult to put a time predictor on his violent behaviour. Risk Management Plan Mr Jones should be monitored both whilst he is still in prison and once released. Regular appointments should be made with both a probation officer and his appointed Psychologist. He should be reassessed if his anger results in a fight or major dispute with either prisoners on his wing or staff. Once released Mr Jones should be monitored via the use of electronic systems. He could be fitted with a TAG to ensure he meets a curfew and the conditions of his release or GPS tracking could be used. Research into the use of electronic monitoring has been completed throughout the world. The most recent study by Lima Machado, De Sousa, De Oliveria Alberquerque, Garcia Villalba Kim (2017) discovered that the results of an algorithm could be applied to supporting risk assessment in relation to monitoring of re-offending. They looked at the offenders social stance to see if any crimes were being committed or planned. With regards to the use of the electronic tag it was found to be cost-effectiv e as it was cheaper than keeping the offender in prison. The results suggested that those who received the electronic tag were no more likely to offend then those who did not receive it (Marie, Moreton Goncalves, 2011). Weekly check ins with his probation officer should be arranged to ensure he is still on track regarding his release order. The events that should be looked for after release relate to arguments with family/friends or known associates (neighbours) and his levels of anger when present at his check ins. Mr Jones level of anger appears to be the main concern regarding the treatment required. There are several offender behaviour programmes (OBP) that might be useful. To begin with he should attend the CALM programme. This looks at his anger problems, teaching him to manage it and control it so it does not become a problem for him in the future (HMPS, 2017). It is mainly suitable for those where anger played a role in their offence (Canter, 2013) and involves attending 24 sessions lasting two hours and often having to attend two sessions a week. To ensure Mr Jones is making progress regular reports will be made throughout the programme and involves asking questions at the start and end of the programme to see if there have been any alterations (*What is Calm?*, 2010). Once the CALM programme has been completed, it is important that his violent behaviour is tackled. Although he has expressed that he uses drugs and alcohol they played no role in his offence and so are not a priority currently. The RESOLVE programme would work with Mr Jones and uses cognitive-behavioural interventions which aim to reduce the risk of violence, to prevent him from causing serious harm in the future (HMPS, 2017). It involves attending 21 weekly group centred sessions as well as four one-to-one sessions to track progress (RESOLVE what is RESOLVE, 2014). The amount of people who needed this form of treatment increased to 1683 in the year 2014/2015 this increase meant for a more structured approach to resources for treating violence (HM Government, 2014). The OSAP programme should also be completed to help him with his drug and alcohol problems. It mainly focuses on changing attitudes towards drug/alcohol abuse to prevent reoffending. In past treatments Mr Jones behaviour towards interventions has been a problem. A study conducted by Collins, Cuddy Martin (2016) discovered that drug treatment programmes in the UK are both cost-effective and beneficial for the drug users in terms of reducing their reoffending rate and their drug intake. Those who are not involved with a substance misuse program are more likely to reoffend (Needham, Gummerum, Mandeville-Norden, Rakestrow-Dickens, Mewse, Barnes, Hanoch, 2015). The program involves 2 sessions each week for 26 sessions overall it will help with social skills, how to avoid those involved in drug/alcohol use and planning for the future (*What is OSAP?, * 2010). Mr Jones should be supervised and attend regular meetings with his probation officer as well as meet up with someone from the TTG programme. If he feels an issue is arising, then he should contact his probation officer immediately so the situation can be assessed. His probation officer and the staff involved with the TTG programme should be his first points of contact when he feels concerned about his behaviour. There is evidence that suggests that attending probation can positively affect the offenders likelihood of not reoffending (King, 2013). The protection of potential victims is vital, as Mr Jones offense involved a next-door neighbour; he should receive help with finding housing preferably in a quiet neighbourhood where he would experience no problems from his neighbours. Other considerations include the safety of Mr Jones, after being in prison, on the outside there are potential dangers for the ex-offender. These included drug dealers and angered family members or friends. Every week Mr Jones should check-in with both his TTG mentor and probation officer, they should attempt to make Mr Jones open up emotionally. The help set up for Mr Jones decreases the likelihood of harm. He needs to focus primarily on his anger management, substance misuse as well as his use of violence. Based on the evidence put forward the chance of future violence is quite low if he attends the treatment programmes and meetings with his probation officer. If he stops attending, this should be viewed as a sign of re-offending. The next review date should be 9 months after release to ensure progress is being made. Word count: 3209; excluding references and appendices. References Arum, R., Beattie, I. R. (1999). High School Experience and The Risk of Adult Incarceration. Criminology, 37(3). Bujarski, S. J., McDaniel, C. E., Lewis, S. F., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Feldner, M. T. (2016). Past-month marijuana use is associated with self-reported violence among trauma-exposed adolescents. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 26(2), 111-118. doi:10.1080/1067828x.2016.1222980 Canter, D. (2013). Criminal psychology: Topics in applied psychology. (2nd Ed.). Routledge. Cauffman, E., Fine, A., Thomas, A. G., Monahan, K. C. (2017). Trajectories of violent behavior among females and males. Child Development, 88(1), 41-54. doi:10.1111/cdev.12678 Clamp, K. (2016). Restorative justice in transitional settings. (1st Ed.). Routledge. Collins, B. J., Cuddy, K., Martin, A. P. (2016). Assessing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of drug intervention programs: UK case study. Journal of Addictive Diseases. doi:10.1080/10550887.2016.1182299 Daffern, M., Jones, L., Shine, J. (2010). Offence paralleling behaviour: A case formulation approach to offender assessment and intervention. (1st Ed.). John Wiley Sons. Dargis, M., Newman, J., Koenigs, M. (2015). Clarifying the link between childhood abuse history and psychopathic traits in adult criminal offenders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. doi:10.1037/per0000147 Day, A., Davey, L., Wanganeen, R., Howells, K., De Santolo, J., Nakata, M. (2008). The Significance of Context: Stories from South Australia. In A. Day, M. Nakata, K. Howells, Anger and indigenous men: Understanding and responding to violent behaviour. The Federation Press. Deci, E. L. (2011). Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation. In E. Aronson, Intrinsic motivation. Springer US. Douglas, K. S., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. D., Belfrage, H., Guy, L. S., Wilson, C. M. (2014). Historical-clinical-risk management-20, version 3 (HCR-20 V3 ): Development and overview. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(2), 93-108. doi:10.1080/14999013.2014.906519 Folger, A. T., Putnam, K. T., Putnam, F. W., Peugh, J. L., Eismann, E. A., Sa, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ammerman, R. T. (2017). Maternal interpersonal trauma and child social-emotional development: An intergenerational effect. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. doi:10.1111/ppe.12341 Genovese, T., Dalrymple, K., Chelminski, I., Zimmerman, M. (2017). Subjective anger and overt aggression in psychiatric outpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 73, 23-30. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.10.008 Guebert, A. F., Oliver, M. E. (2014). An examination of Criminogenic needs, mental health concerns, and Recidivism in a sample of violent young offenders: Implications for risk, need, and Responsivity. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(4), 295-310. doi:10.1080/14999013.2014.955220 Harrison, K. (2012). Dangerousness, risk and the governance of serious sexual and violent offenders. Routledge. House of commons work and pensions committee. (2017). Support for ex-offenders fifth report of session 2016-17. HM Government. (2014). Accredited programmes annual bulletin 2014 15. HMPS. (2017). Offender behaviour programmes (OBPs). Hollin, C. R. (2005). The essential handbook of offender assessment and treatment. John Wiley Sons. Holoyda, B. J., Newman, W. J. (2016). Childhood animal cruelty, bestiality, and the link to adult interpersonal violence. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 47, 129-135. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.017 Howard, R. C. (2016). The Link between Early Adolescent Alcohol Abuse and Adult Antisocial Behaviour: A Hypothesis Revisited. SOJ Psychology, 3(1), 1-6. Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Coryell, W., Akiskal, H. S., Fiedorowicz, J. G. (2013). Overt irritability/anger in Unipolar Major Depressive episodes. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(11), 1171. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1957 King, S. (2013). Assisted desistance and experiences of probation supervision. Probation Journal, 60(2), 136-151. doi:10.1177/0264550513478320 Kyriacou, D. N., Anglin, D., Taliaferro, E., Stone, S., Tubb, T., Linden, J. A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Kraus, J. F. (1999). Risk factors for injury to women from domestic violence. New England Journal of Medicine, 341(25), 1892-1898. doi:10.1056/nejm199912163412505 Lev-Ran, S., Roerecke, M., Le Foll, B., George, T. P., McKenzie, K., Rehm, J. (2013). The association between cannabis use and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 44(04), 797-810. doi:10.1017/s0033291713001438 Lima Machado, P., de Sousa, R., de Oliveira Albuquerque, R., Garcà ­a Villalba, L., Kim, T.-H. (2017). Detection of electronic Anklet Wearers groupings throughout Telematics monitoring. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(1), 31. doi:10.3390/ijgi6010031 Macinnes, M., Macpherson, G., Austin, J., Schwannauer, M. (2016). Examining the effect of childhood trauma on psychological distress, risk of violence and engagement, in forensic mental health. Psychiatry Research, 246, 314-320. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.054 Marie, O., Moreton, K., Goncalves, M. (2011). The effect of early release of prisoners on home detention curfew (HDC) on recidivism. May, C., Sharma, N., Stewart, D. (2008). Factors linked to reoffending: a one-year follow-up of prisoners who took part in the Resettlement Surveys 2001, 2003 and 2004. Milkman, H. B., Wanberg, K. W. (2012). Criminal conduct and substance abuse treatment for adolescents: Pathways to self-discovery and change: the providers guide. SAGE. Ministry of Justice. (2014). Offenders get through-the-gate support for drug and alcohol problems. Needham, M., Gummerum, M., Mandeville-Norden, R., Rakestrow-Dickens, J., Mewse, A., Barnes, A., Hanoch, Y. (2015). Association between Three different cognitive behavioral alcohol treatment programs and Recidivism rates among male offenders: Findings from the United Kingdom. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(6), 1100-1107. doi:10.1111/acer.12738 Nietzel, M. T., Hasemann, D. M., Lynam, D. R. (1999). Behavioral perspectives on violent behavior. Handbook of Psychological Approaches with Violent Offenders. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4845-4_3 NOMS, NHS (2015). Working with offenders with personality disorder A practitioners guide (2nd ed.) Patterson, G. R., Debaryshe, B., Ramsey, E. (1990). A Developmental Perspective on Antisocial Behaviour. American Psychologist, 44, 329-335. Plant, M., van Schaik, P., Gullone, E., Flynn, C. (2016). Its a dogs Life. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260516659655 Ministry of Justice. (2014). RESOLVE what is RESOLVE? Retrieved from: http://hlnycrc.co.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RESOLVE.pdf Robins, L. N. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: Replications from longitudinal studies1. Psychological Medicine, 8(04), 611. doi:10.1017/s0033291700018821 Smith, C. A., Park, A., Ireland, T. O., Elwyn, L., Thornberry, T. P. (2012). Long-term outcomes of young adults exposed to maltreatment: The role of educational experiences in promoting resilience to crime and violence in early adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(1), 121-156. doi:10.1177/0886260512448845 Straus, M. A. (1991). Children as witness to marital violence: a risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. Retrieved from: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED336713.pdf Walsh, A. (2007). Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behaviour. In L. Ellis. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Approach. California: SAGE. Ministry of Justice. (2010). What is CALM? Retrieved from: https://www.swmcrc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/controlling_anger_and_learning_to_manage_it__calm__leaflet_-_june_2010.pdf Ministry of Justice. (2010). What is OSAP? Retrieved from: http://www.swmcrc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/offender_substance_abuse_programme__osap__leaflet_-_june_2010.pdf Widom, C. S. (1989). The Cycle of Violence. Science, 244(4901), Wright, K. A., Turanovic, J. J., ONeal, E. N., Morse, S. J., Booth, E. T. (2016). The cycle of violence revisited: Childhood Victimization, resilience, and future violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260516651090. Appendix A Questions H1- Violence: Do you have any form of control over your violent outbursts? H2- Anti-social behaviour: How does taking drugs make you feel? Is there a reason for taking the drugs? H3- Relationships: You say you want a family, how do you plan on reaching this goal? H4- Employment- Previously you have had problems with employment, would you accept help to find a job and remain in it? H5- Links to H2 H6- Mental disorder: anger seems to be a real problem; do you feel that your state of mood controls you? H7- Personality disorder: Could you come to terms with being diagnosed with a PD and how would you cope? H8- Trauma: The experience you had with your father must impact on your life, do you think this is the case and how do you think you would overcome this? H9- Violent attitudes: The attitude you had towards violence is that you condone the use of it, would there be a time when you would not be violent? H10- Treatment: There seems to be a problem with treatment even though you attend, why might that be? OC-H- Education: Could your education explain why you behave as you do and why you use drugs, if not what do you think the cause is? C1- Insight: How do you think others would view you in terms of your risk? C2- Ideation: is violence thought about or do you lose control? Would you intentionally harm someone? C4- Instability: Does your mood cause a serious problem? C5- Treatment: Although you attend your responsiveness is lacking is this because you are not in control? OC-C- Grudges: Is holding grudges an issue? Is this why you lash out? R2 3- Living/support: When released from prison will your living situation be sorted or do you need help? How is your personal support in terms of family and friends? R5- Coping: At times everyone feels stress, however, coping seems to be a struggle, is violence your idea of coping?

Market Research :: essays research papers

Many businesses are Product Orientated. This means that they design and make a product, and then try and convince consumers to buy it. Business can also be â€Å"Market Orientated†. This is where they try to find out what consumers want before making the final product. Finding out about what consumers want and need, and what makes them buy, is called â€Å"Market Research†. Businesses which are mainly product orientated risk spending a large amount of resources launching a product which proves to be a failure. Researching the market helps reduce this risk. It should focus research and design effort onto products which have a chance of success in the market place. When the product is launched, a carefully researched product stands less chance of failing. Market research attempts to find the answers to questions a business might have about its market. A market researcher must then decide what information might help answer the question brought forward. The market researcher then decider how best to collect this information. There are two ways of doing this, desk research and field research. The information is then collected and analysed. Finally, the business has to make a decision about what to do in the light of the information formed. Desk research involves the use of secondary Data. This is information which is already available, both within and outside the business. Information within the business is information collected routinely. Invoices, for instance, will tell them how much they selland who they are selling to. Accounts will give information about the value of sales and costs of production. Businesses can also collect information which is available from sources outside the business e.g. Government, the media, Trade associations etc. The results of that research are given in a table. Field research involves the collection of Primary Data information which no one has yet collected. It is collected specially for the particular piece of research. Primary data is collected through direct investigation, usually in one of three ways-observation, survey and expreriment. Observation is looking at and recording what people do and how they behave can be important. Surveys usually involves asking questions of Respondents- people or organisations who reply to the questions asked. There are different ways of conducting surveys. A postal survey, where questionaires are sent through the post, or a newspaper survey, where readers are invited to fill in and return a questionnaire in a newspaper, are cheap. Telephone surveys, personal interviews and consumer’s panels are more expensive because an interviewer has to be employed to interview customers.